Removing Local Nuisances, Arresting Masterless Strangers, and Granting ‘Nights on Request’

The Policing of Vagrancy in Late-Nineteenth-Century Antwerp and Brussels

Author(s)

  • Margo De Koster Ghent University
  • Ayfer Erkul HUMO Magazine

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52024/tseg.13642

Abstract

This article proposes a comparative study of everyday police controls of vagrants in two Belgian cities – a port city and a capital city – at the end of the nineteenth century, a period that was characterized by heightened mobility and social fear about the so-called ‘masterless poor’. The first section of the article looks at the annual arrest and prosecution rates for vagrancy in Antwerp and Brussels between 1880 and 1910, as well as at the daily instructions from the city authorities and police chiefs to their policemen on how to deal with vagrants and unwanted newcomers. Next, drawing on a selection of archival records of the central police divisions of Antwerp and Brussels from the 1880s, we examine if and how police controls focused on mobile groups when they dealt with vagrancy, and whether they answered the preoccupations of local authorities. In line with the findings of other scholars, we demonstrate that the notion of vagrancy was so elastic that, in both cities, many different groups were arrested and prosecuted for this offence.  Next to foreign and internal migrants, the Antwerp and Brussels police also apprehended local people, born in the city or in the surrounding province, who were not necessarily mobile and often known to them. To explain this, we argue that, in practice, the policing of vagrancy was not only shaped by top-down repression, but also by bottom-up uses of the police by vulnerable individuals in need of shelter.

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Author Biographies

  • Margo De Koster, Ghent University

    Margo De Koster (1976) studied history and sociology at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and is assistant professor in in Social History at Ghent University and in Historical criminology at the VU Amsterdam and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. She conducts social historical research on social problems and social control, crime and deviance, and policing and justice in urban contexts, nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

  • Ayfer Erkul, HUMO Magazine

    Ayfer Erkul (1969) is historian and journalist for the weekly magazine HUMO. From 2017 to 2021, she was affiliated with the History Department of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, where she conducted research, under the supervision of Anne Winter and Margo De Koster, on police practices and mobility control in Brussels, focusing on daily interactions between policemen and 'marginal' migrants in the late nineteenth century.

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Published

2023-04-20

How to Cite

Removing Local Nuisances, Arresting Masterless Strangers, and Granting ‘Nights on Request’ : The Policing of Vagrancy in Late-Nineteenth-Century Antwerp and Brussels. (2023). TSEG - The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.52024/tseg.13642